Ivan Pavlov:
1. What was Pavlov actually studying when he developed his theory of classical conditioning?
1. What was Pavlov actually studying when he developed his theory of classical conditioning?
Pavlov was studying the digestion in dogs when he discovered classical conditioning.
2. Explain (in detail) how Pavlov's experiment was conducted.
2. Explain (in detail) how Pavlov's experiment was conducted.
During the experiment, Pavlov and his assistants inserted both edible and non edible objects, in order to measure salivation each of these objects produced in dogs. Pavlov's findings were that the salivation process is reflexive, and that it happens automatically without conscious thought, in response of a specific stimulus. He then noticed, that the mere presence of the white coats of his assistants, produced salivation on dogs. He then decided to pair another stimuli with the meat aside from the presence of his assistants, so he used a bell. As a result, the dogs salivated when hearing the bell. He suggested salivation was a learned process, which consisted of the dogs associating the bell with the food, justifying why they salivate while the bell is ringing.
3. Identify the conditioned stimulus, the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned response from Pavlov's experiment. The conditioned stimulus of his experiment, was the pairing of a bell with the food. The unconditioned stimulus was the presentation of the meat itself to the dogs. The conditioned response of the dogs was their salivation, when a stimuli was being paired with the food, like a bell, since dogs expected the food.
4. Explain what extinction means in relation to classical conditioning.
Extinction in relation to classical conditioning, means that a conditioned response either decreases or disappears. This happens when a conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with an unconditioned response.
5. Explain what stimulus generalization means in relation to classical conditioning.
5. Explain what stimulus generalization means in relation to classical conditioning.
Stimulus generalization relating to classical conditioning means that the same conditioned responses occur with similar but not equal conditioned stimulus.
6. Explain what stimulus discrimination means in relation to classical conditioning.
6. Explain what stimulus discrimination means in relation to classical conditioning.
Discrimination relating to classical conditioning, means the ability of the organism to differentiate the conditioned stimuli, from other stimuli which have not yet been paired with the unconditioned stimuli.
7. Explain at least two limitations of this experiment.
7. Explain at least two limitations of this experiment.
The study has the purpose to describe the learning process, and this experiment only specifies responses by pairing stimulus. Rather than also describing how we learn language, or mathematics. Another limitation is that it was done on dogs rather than on humans, which should be the ones tested because we are so different and superior than animals. So, we should be tested in order to get a better understanding of our complexity.
8. Explain what Pavlov theorized about how we learn.
He theorized that by paring a natural stimuli with a neutral stimuli, we learn that the neutral will produce the same effect as the natural one. Which turns the neutral stimuli, into what is known as a conditioned stimuli.
8. Explain what Pavlov theorized about how we learn.
He theorized that by paring a natural stimuli with a neutral stimuli, we learn that the neutral will produce the same effect as the natural one. Which turns the neutral stimuli, into what is known as a conditioned stimuli.
John B. Watson:
1. Explain (in detail) how Watson's "Little Albert" study was conducted.
1. Explain (in detail) how Watson's "Little Albert" study was conducted.
The study was conducted on a male infant. Watson and his partner paired loud noise with animals or other objects which had the characteristic of being hairy. Watson first showed some of the hairy objects to the infant and noticed he felt no fear of them . Then by triggering a loud noise each time a hairy object was presented to the infant, he noticed that the little guy had developed a fear for the hairy objects. Meaning that classical conditioning is a major factor that has developed fears on humans and animals.
2. Identify the conditioned stimulus, the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned response from Watson's study The conditioned stimulus were the hairy animals and objects. The unconditioned stimulus was the loud noise triggered each time the hairy things were presented to Albert. The conditioned response was that the infant felt uncomfortable in the presence of furry things and cried.
3. Explain at least two limitations of this study.
2. Identify the conditioned stimulus, the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned response from Watson's study The conditioned stimulus were the hairy animals and objects. The unconditioned stimulus was the loud noise triggered each time the hairy things were presented to Albert. The conditioned response was that the infant felt uncomfortable in the presence of furry things and cried.
3. Explain at least two limitations of this study.
To begin with, this experiment was done on an infant rather than on an adult, which would display different responses based on experience and knowledge. Secondly, this experiment can not be repeated.
4. Explain Watson's law of frequency. Through this law Watson stated that the more two stimuli are paired, the stronger the correspondence between these two will be.
5. Explain Watson's law of recency. Through this law, Watson stated that responses occur immediately after a stimulus.
6. Explain the basic assumptions of behaviorism according to Watson.
5. Explain Watson's law of recency. Through this law, Watson stated that responses occur immediately after a stimulus.
6. Explain the basic assumptions of behaviorism according to Watson.
Watson believed behaviorism was Psychology itself, meaning behavior of human beings was the basis of all Psychology according to him.
References
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